Sains Malaysiana 53(5)(2024): 1081-1091

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5305-09

Molluscicidal Activity and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Azadirachta indica Extract on Pomacea canaliculata

(Aktiviti Moluskisid dan Perencatan Aktiviti Asetilkolinesterase Ekstrak Azadirachta indica pada Pomacea canaliculata)

NIK AMALIA NASRATIENA MAT ZAIB¹, SAIYIDAH NAFISAH HASHIM², WAN ROZIANOOR MOHD HASSAN^1,3,* & CHIA CHAY TAY¹

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak Kampus Tapah, 35400 Tapah, Perak, Malaysia

³Human Genetic and Biochemistry (HuGeB), Research Nexus UiTM (ReNeU), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 12 December 2023/Accepted: 5 April 2024

Abstract

The Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is a notorious pest in Malaysia, leading to substantial agricultural and economic losses, while, the neem tree, Azadirachta indica has been identified as alternative source for bio-pesticides. There is currently limited information on A. indica as natural molluscicide  against  P. canaliculata. This study aims to evaluate the effects of A. indica on P. canaliculata at various life stages (eggs, juvenile and adult). The bioactive compound, azadirachtin in A. indica extracts was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Egg hatchability was determined using spot spraying on egg clusters while the molluscicidal activity of A. indica on juvenile and adult specimens was evaluated using the immersion bioassay approach. The snail's acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was assessed using Ellman assay. The azadirachtin content in the ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves at a concentration of 1 µg/mL was found to be 45.42%. Increasing the concentration of A. indica extracts resulted in lower egg hatchability and increased mortality of juvenile and adult snails.  Azadirachta indica extracts showed the highest effectiveness against adult P. canaliculata with an LC₅₀ value of 0.52 mg/mL, compared to 0.92 mg/mL for juveniles and 0.74 mg/mL for eggs.  Additionally, A. indica extract exhibited greater inhibition of AChE in adult specimens compared to juvenile specimens and eggs. The IC₅₀ for adult is 0.60 μg/mL, which is the lowest while the IC₅₀ for juvenile is 0.68 μg/mL, the highest. Taken together, A. indica shows immerse potential as natural pesticide for managing the population of P. canaliculata.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica; egg hatchability; molluscicides and inhibition of AChE; Pomacea canaliculata

Abstrak

Siput Gondang Emas (Pomacea canaliculata) adalah perosak utama yang menyebabkan kerugian dalam sektor pertanian dan ekonomi Malaysia, manakala pokok Mambu, Azadirachta indica telah ditemui sebagai sumber alternatif untuk racun serangga berasaskan bahan semula jadi dalam beberapa kajian, termasuklah sebagai racun moluska semula jadi terhadap P. canaliculata. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesan ekstrak A. indica terhadap perosak P. canaliculata pada pelbagai peringkat kehidupan (telur, juvana dan dewasa). Sebatian bioaktif, azadiraktin daripada ekstrak A. indica ditentukan menggunakan kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi (HPLC). Kebolehtetasan telur dinilai dengan semburan tompok pada kelompok telur manakala teknik rendaman digunakan untuk menilai aktiviti moluskisida A. indica pada peringkat juvana dan dewasa. Kemudian, perencatan asetilkolinesterase (AChE) pada siput ditentukan menggunakan ujian Ellman. Di sini, kami melaporkan bahawa terdapat 45.42% azadiraktin dijumpai di dalam 1 µg/mL ekstrak etanol daun A. indica.  Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa apabila kepekatan ekstrak A. indica meningkat, kebolehtetasan telur berkurangan manakala, kematian siput juvana dan dewasa didapati meningkat. Ekstrak A. indica menunjukkan nilai LC₅₀ terendah untuk siput dewasa (0.52 mg/mL) berbanding dengan juvana (0.92 mg/mL) dan telur (0.74 mg/mL). Ini menunjukkan potensi ekstrak yang tinggi terhadap P. canaliculata peringkat dewasa. Tambahan pula, ekstrak A. indica juga menunjukkan perencatan AChE yang lebih tinggi pada siput dewasa berbanding juvana dan telur. IC₅₀ untuk dewasa adalah yang paling rendah (0.60 μg/mL) manakala IC₅₀ untuk juvana adalah yang tertinggi (0.68 μg/mL). Secara keseluruhannya, A. indica didapati sangat berpotensi sebagai racun perosak semula jadi dalam mengawal populasi P. canaliculata.

Kata kunci: Azadirachta indica; kebolehtetasan telur; moluskisida dan perencatan AChE; Pomacea canaliculata

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*Corresponding author; email: rozianoor@uitm.edu.my